Research & Education

A research-focused explanation of mass, concentration, and biological activity units used in analytical documentation.

A research-only guide to mL and microliter conversion, measurement records, equipment range, and analytical uncertainty.

PNC-27 is a synthetic peptide that fuses a p53–derived HDM-2–binding domain to a membrane-penetrating “leader” sequence. In published laboratory studies, it has been investigated for selectively inducing membrane disruption (necrosis) in cancer cells that express HDM-2 at their plasma membrane, while reportedly sparing normal cells in those same in-vitro models. PNC-27 is an experimental research […]

P21, also written P021, is a small synthetic peptidergic compound derived from a biologically active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), chemically modified for stability and blood–brain-barrier penetration and studied in laboratory models of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Its core sequence (Ac–DGGLAG–NH2) is derived from the most active region of CNTF, with an adamantane group added […]

B7-33 is a synthetic single-chain peptide derived from the hormone H2 relaxin (relaxin-2), designed to retain relaxin’s anti-fibrotic signaling through the RXFP1 receptor while being far simpler and cheaper to synthesize than the native two-chain hormone. In preclinical and in-vitro tissue-fibrosis research, it has been characterized as a “biased” or functionally selective RXFP1 agonist. This […]

Cerebrolysin is a peptide preparation derived from purified porcine (pig) brain proteins, consisting of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids. It is studied in neurological and neurodegeneration research as a proposed neurotrophic agent — a substance investigated for its ability to mimic the activity of the brain’s own nerve-growth signals. This article is educational only. […]

Modified GRF 1-29 is a synthetic analog of the first 29 amino acids of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29, the same core sequence as sermorelin), carrying four amino-acid substitutions that improve its stability against enzymatic breakdown. It is most commonly marketed under the name “CJC-1295 without DAC,” and in laboratory models it acts as an agonist […]

Peptide bioregulators are short peptides — often di-, tri-, or tetrapeptides, or tissue-derived peptide complexes — that have been studied for tissue-specific regulatory effects. They were developed largely by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues in Russia and have been investigated primarily in gerontology and cell-regulation research. This article is an educational overview for researchers comparing compounds […]

ARA-290, also called cibinetide, is an 11–amino-acid peptide derived from the helix-B domain of erythropoietin (EPO) that selectively targets the innate repair receptor (IRR / EPOR–βcR) without the erythropoietic (red-blood-cell–stimulating) effects of EPO. It has been studied in preclinical models and clinical trials as a tissue-protection and small-fiber-neuropathy research candidate. Note: ARA-290 is offered — […]

Triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), studied for its biphasic action on the GnRH receptor — an initial stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) followed, with continuous exposure, by receptor downregulation and suppression of gonadotropins. It is structurally a modified analogue of native GnRH, with a D-tryptophan substitution […]